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  • How-to guides

    SS-31: Metabolic / Longevity research guide

    In short: SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane, binds cardiolipin, and restores electron transport chain efficiency in models of mitochondrial dysfunction. It is studied in preclinical (cell and animal) research and is supplied strictly for laboratory use — not for human or clinical use.

    Not medical advice. SS-31 is a research compound. This guide does not provide dosing, diagnosis, therapy recommendations, or claims about effects in humans.

    SS-31 at a glance

    Compound type
    Research peptide
    Research category
    Metabolic / Longevity
    Also known as
    SS-31, Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, Szeto-Schiller Peptide 31, SS31, Cardiolipin Binder
    Molecular weight
    638.78 Da
    Research-grade purity
    99.7% HPLC
    Evidence context
    Preclinical / research use only
    Regulatory status
    Not an approved medicine — supplied as a research compound
    Last reviewed
    16 June 2026

    What SS-31 is

    SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a four-amino-acid peptide that homes in on the inner mitochondrial membrane, anchors to the phospholipid cardiolipin, and restores the structural organisation that the electron transport chain needs to produce ATP efficiently.

    One-paragraph overview from our research datasheet — still scientific, but faster to read than the full mechanism list below.

    SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane, binds cardiolipin, and restores electron transport chain efficiency in models of mitochondrial dysfunction.

    Research contexts

    Peer-reviewed literature typically discusses SS-31 in specific experimental settings. The points below reflect how the scientific community frames this compound—not as health claims, but as the research questions being asked.

    Research vs. personal use: Literature describes experiments in controlled lab and animal models. This is distinct from any real-world use; our products are for laboratory research only.

    Typical study contexts

  • Mitochondrial stress, NAD+/redox biology, and nutrient-sensing pathways in ageing or metabolic disease models.
  • Often measured through enzyme activity, gene expression, or endurance-style readouts in animals, not lifestyle advice.
  • Peer-reviewed preclinical work sometimes describes experiments that track whether concentrates 1000-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin selectively
  • Peer-reviewed preclinical work sometimes describes experiments that track whether inhibits cardiolipin peroxidation to preserve ETC supercomplex architecture and cristae curvature
  • Peer-reviewed preclinical work sometimes describes experiments that track whether maintains cytochrome c in electron-carrier conformation, preventing peroxidase-driven ROS generation
  • Peer-reviewed preclinical work sometimes describes experiments that track whether restores mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis in models of ETC dysfunction
  • Why Metabolic / Longevity research matters

    Researchers study these compounds for mitochondrial function, nutrient sensing, and cellular energy stress responses -often in ageing or metabolic disease models.

    Mechanisms (technical review)

    Our datasheet lists mechanistic themes observed in preclinical work. These are research endpoints, not health claims. They help scientists understand and compare pathways.

  • Concentrates 1000-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin selectively
  • Inhibits cardiolipin peroxidation to preserve ETC supercomplex architecture and cristae curvature
  • Maintains cytochrome c in electron-carrier conformation, preventing peroxidase-driven ROS generation
  • Restores mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis in models of ETC dysfunction
  • Reduces ischaemia–reperfusion injury in cardiac and renal models by limiting mitochondrial ROS burst
  • Improves skeletal muscle force production and exercise tolerance in aged animal models
  • Lab handling & preparation

    Storage requirements: Lyophilised powder: store in freezer (−20 °C). Reconstituted: refrigerate 1–6 °C, away from light. Use within the validated stability window for the specific batch and formulation. · Learn best practices in our detailed storage guide.

    Research dosing context: Literature typically discusses 3–5 mg subcutaneous or intravenous injection · Once daily for acute models; 3×/week for chronic protocols · SS-31 is rapidly cleared from plasma (t½ ~2 h in rodents) but accumulates and is retained in mitochondria-rich tissues for extended periods. Subcutaneous dosing is standard in chronic preclinical studies; IV bolus is used in acute ischaemia–reperfusion models. No published human PK data exists outside of the clinical-trial context (elamipretide cardiac and renal indications).

    Preparation steps: Follow our detailed reconstitution guide, use the calculator tool for volume confirmation, and always verify purity with the COA reading guide.

    Common Questions People Are Asking

    What is SS-31 (elamipretide) and what does it do?

    SS-31 (elamipretide; D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. In research models it preserves the structure of the electron transport chain, reduces mitochondrial ROS, and supports ATP production. It is studied as a mitochondrial-protection tool compound and is supplied here for laboratory research only.

    What makes SS-31 different from other antioxidants?

    Most antioxidants scavenge reactive oxygen species after they have been produced. SS-31 works upstream — it binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane and prevents the structural breakdown that causes the electron transport chain to generate excess ROS in the first place. That makes it a structural/preventive mechanism rather than a scavenging one.

    What is cardiolipin and why does it matter?

    Cardiolipin is a phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It acts as a structural scaffold for the protein complexes of the electron transport chain — specifically promoting their organisation into "supercomplexes" that transfer electrons more efficiently. Cardiolipin peroxidation, which increases with ageing and mitochondrial stress, disrupts these supercomplexes and impairs ATP production.

    Has SS-31/Elamipretide been tested in humans, and did the trials work?

    Yes — elamipretide has progressed to human clinical trials, including the Phase 3 MMPOWER-3 trial in primary mitochondrial myopathy and TAZPOWER in Barth syndrome. The results were mixed: MMPOWER-3 did not meet its primary endpoints (6-minute walk and fatigue at 24 weeks), while a TAZPOWER open-label extension reported a later 6-minute-walk improvement. It remains investigational and is not approved for therapeutic use; the research-grade SS-31 supplied here is for in-vitro and preclinical use only.

    How is SS-31 different from MOTS-c?

    Both are mitochondria-related research peptides but act differently. SS-31 is a tetrapeptide that physically anchors in the inner mitochondrial membrane and protects cardiolipin to keep the electron transport chain efficient. MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that signals through AMPK as an "exercise mimetic". One protects mitochondrial structure; the other triggers metabolic signalling.

    What half-life appears in the literature?

    In rodent studies SS-31 is cleared rapidly from plasma (around a 2-hour half-life) but accumulates and is retained in mitochondria-rich tissues for far longer, which is why chronic preclinical protocols use intermittent subcutaneous dosing. Published human pharmacokinetics exist only within the elamipretide clinical-trial context. These figures are descriptive of the literature, not a recommendation.

    How should SS-31 be stored?

    Keep the lyophilised powder frozen at −20 °C. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water or sterile saline, refrigerate at 1–6 °C and protect from light. SS-31 is a small, relatively stable tetrapeptide within standard peptide-handling conditions.

    Is this page medical advice? Can I use SS-31 for my health?

    No, and no. This article is educational only. We do not provide dosing, medical recommendations, or health claims. Our products are sold strictly for laboratory research, not for personal use of any kind.

    Where do I find SS-31 specs, purity certificates and pricing?

    Open the shop listing via “View product details.” There you will see batch specs, the Certificate of Analysis (COA), concentration, purity grade, and available SKUs with current pricing.

    Related peptide guides

    Other compounds researchers often read about alongside SS-31.

  • MOTS-C - companion guide
  • 5-Amino-1MQ - companion guide
  • Epitalon - companion guide
  • FOXO4-DRI - companion guide
  • Scientific sources & further reading

    Primary literature and registries for SS-31, plus mainstream coverage of the peptide category. Research use only - not medical advice.

    Databases & literature:

  • PubMed: peer-reviewed literature on SS-31
  • ClinicalTrials.gov: registered studies on SS-31
  • SS-31: Wikipedia
  • Peptides in the news:

  • WebMD: consumer health reference
  • BBC News: Health
  • CNN Health: “Peptides: what to know about the wellness trend”
  • Sky News: “Can peptides make America healthy again?”
  • Sky News: “Inside the exploding US peptides craze” (video)
  • Sky News Australia: “Black market peptide trade explodes as influencers fuel uptick in use”
  • Sky News Australia: “Backyard peptide boom sparks alarm” (video)
  • Sky News Australia: “Oprah reveals struggle with shame of weight-loss drugs”
  • Ready to order? View full product specs

    Access concentration, batch info, variants, and current pricing on our shop.

    Also known as: SS-31, Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, Szeto-Schiller Peptide 31, SS31, Cardiolipin Binder

    Premium research peptides at >99% HPLC-verified purity, third-party tested by Janoshik Analytical with a Certificate of Analysis on every lot. Shipped lab-direct, discreet and cold-chain, worldwide. For laboratory research use only.

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