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How to Read a Certificate of Analysis (CoA)

Published December 16, 2025 6 min read 8 sections decoded HPLC + Mass Spec Updated Mar 2026

A Certificate of Analysis (CoA) is a document issued by a testing laboratory that reports the quality, purity, and identity of a specific batch of compound. It's the single most important document for evaluating whether a research compound is suitable for use. Here's how to read one.

Why CoAs matter

Without a CoA, you're trusting a supplier's word. A legitimate CoA from an independent laboratory provides objective, quantitative evidence:

Identity

Whether the compound is what it's labelled as, not a substitute or impurity-laden batch.

Purity

Percentage of target molecule vs impurities, should be ≥98% for research-grade.

Contaminants

Endotoxins, residual solvents, heavy metals, tested and within safe limits.

Net content

The actual peptide mass per vial, counter-ions and moisture reduce the active dose.

Red flag: If a supplier cannot provide a CoA for a specific batch, or only provides a "generic" CoA without batch-specific data, that's a significant quality concern. Every batch should be independently tested.

Key sections of a CoA

  1. Product identification

    The top of a CoA lists basic product information.

    • Compound name, e.g. BPC-157, GLP-1 RC-S.
    • Batch / lot number, should match the label on your vial.
    • Molecular formula, the chemical formula.
    • Molecular weight, expected mass in Daltons (Da).
    • Sequence, the amino-acid sequence.
  2. HPLC purity High-perf. liquid chromatography

    The gold standard for purity testing, separates the sample into its component molecules and measures what percentage is the target compound.

    Pass: ≥98% (premium ≥99%)
    • How it works: sample pumped through a column; molecules elute at different times; UV detector measures area under each peak.
    • Reading the result: look for "HPLC Purity" or "Purity by HPLC" + a percentage. The chromatogram should show a single dominant peak on a clean baseline.
    • Warning sign: multiple large peaks or a noisy baseline indicates significant impurities or degradation.
  3. Mass spectrometry MS / ESI-MS

    Confirms the compound's identity by measuring its molecular weight, your assurance that what's in the vial actually is what it claims to be.

    Pass: observed = theoretical ±1 Da
    • Common methods: ESI-MS (electrospray ionisation) is most common; MALDI-TOF for larger peptides and proteins.
    • Reading the result: look for "MS" or "Mass Spec" with "Expected MW" and "Observed MW", they should closely match.
  4. Appearance

    The physical form of the compound. Research-grade lyophilised compounds should be a white to off-white powder or fluffy cake. Discolouration (yellow, brown) can indicate degradation or impurities.

  5. Solubility

    Reports whether the compound dissolves properly in standard solvents (water, bacteriostatic water, DMSO). A compound that won't dissolve may be degraded or incorrectly formulated.

  6. Net peptide content

    A frequently overlooked but critical measurement. A vial labelled "5 mg" may contain 5 mg of total powder, but the actual peptide content can be less due to:

    • Counter-ions, acetate or TFA salts used during synthesis add mass but aren't active peptide.
    • Moisture, even lyophilised compounds contain some residual water.

    Net peptide content is expressed as a percentage (typically 70–85%). A 5 mg vial with 80% net content holds 4 mg of actual peptide.

  7. Endotoxin testing LAL test

    Endotoxins are bacterial cell-wall fragments that can cause inflammatory responses. The Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test detects and quantifies them.

    Pass: <5 EU/mg
    • Not always included: endotoxin testing adds cost. Its presence indicates a higher standard of QC.
  8. Residual solvents GC test

    Peptide synthesis uses organic solvents (DMF, DCM, acetonitrile, TFA) that must be removed during purification. A residual-solvents test confirms these are within safe limits, typically via gas chromatography.

Third-party vs in-house testing

There's an important distinction between CoAs generated by the manufacturer and those issued by an independent laboratory.

In-house

Produced by the same company that manufactured the compound. Useful, but involves an inherent conflict of interest.

New-U standard: Every New-U Research Compounds product is independently verified by both Janoshik Analytical and Freedom Diagnostics, two of the most respected independent testing laboratories in the field.

This independent-verification model is increasingly the editorial benchmark in the precision-diagnostics space - Wildlab Sky’s longevity-diagnostics overview, for example, points to third-party HPLC reports and named labs like Janoshik as the bar for analytical transparency in peptide research.

Quick checklist

When reviewing a CoA, verify:

Once you've verified the CoA, the next steps are reconstituting the compound, confirming draw volumes with the reconstitution calculator, and following correct storage practices to maintain potency.

Frequently asked questions

What is a CoA for research compounds?

A Certificate of Analysis is a document issued by a testing laboratory that reports the quality, purity, and identity of a specific batch. It provides objective evidence the compound is correct and meets quality standards.

What HPLC purity should a research compound have?

Research-grade compounds should have HPLC purity of 98% or higher. Premium ones target 99%+. A single dominant peak on the chromatogram with a clean baseline indicates high purity.

Why is third-party CoA testing important?

In-house CoAs are produced by the manufacturer, creating a conflict of interest. Third-party CoAs from independent labs like Janoshik Analytical or Freedom Diagnostics provide unbiased verification, the gold standard.

Dual-verified

Independently verified research compounds

Every New-U Research Compounds product includes dual third-party verification from Janoshik Analytical and Freedom Diagnostics. CoAs are published per batch.

Browse Research Compounds